A 56-year-old male patient presented with hypoesthesia in the calf and lateral foot, corresponding to the innervation of the tibial nerve and pain in the popliteal fossa for many years. For the past 2 months, the patient also suffered from claudication, causing pain in his lower extremities after a walking distance of 200 meters (stage IIa, Fontaine classification).
Ultrasound (Fig. 1) shows a multilocular hypoechoic structure with retro-acoustic enhancement surrounding the popliteal artery. There is absence of flow in the lesion on colour Doppler examination.
Subsequent CT angiography (Fig. 2) shows an occlusion of the popliteal artery. There are no significant signs of degenerative atherosclerosis.
MRI (Fig. 3) confirms an extensive multilocular cystic lesion adjacent to the popliteal artery with a connecting stalk to the joint space. There is significant mass effect on the neurovascular bundle.
Cystic adventitial disease (CAD) is a rare vascular disease causing focal stenosis or even occlusion in absence of generalised atherosclerotic degeneration. It consists of an accumulation of mucinous material between the adventitia and the middle layer of the vessel wall, compressing the lumen of the affected vessel. It was first described in 1947, at the external iliac artery [1]. Further reports revealed that the popliteal artery is by far the most commonly affected vessel, accounting for 80 % of cases [1].
Typically, CAD affects young to middle-aged men with no or minimal cardiovascular risk factors and absence of atherosclerosis, presenting with a short history of progressive claudication [2]. Hypoesthesia due to nerve compression may be seen as well.
Colour Doppler ultrasound is regarded as the initial imaging tool. Most commonly, a hypo- or anechoic mass, depending on the amount of mucinous content, is seen adjacent to or originating from the affected vessel. Colour Doppler adds important information by showing arterial stenosis or occlusion [2]. Similar to ultrasound, these lesions typically appear as cystic structures on MRI (high T2 and low T1 signal), again adjacent to or originating from the affected vessel. CT and/or MRI angiography may provide additional information on the morphology and size of the cyst, possible communication with the adjacent joint and stenosis or occlusion of the affected artery [3]. All three modalities can give information about absence or presence of atherosclerotic changes. Since conventional angiography does not depict the cyst and less invasive angiography techniques (CT and MRI) are available, it does not have a place in primary diagnostics of CAD.
There are several treatment options. Percutaneous aspiration has been proven unsuccessful because aspiration of viscous content is difficult. Moreover, there is a high recurrence rate [4]. Endovascular repair by angioplasty or stenting is also disappointing and may even increase the risk of injuring the intima of the artery [5]. Best results are obtained by surgical resection of the cyst and—in case of total occlusion—bypass with autologous vein graft [6]. Our patient was treated with cyst resection and femoropopliteal bypass with resolution of his claudication and hypoesthesia complaints. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of CAD demonstrating the mucinous cyst in the adventitia of the popliteal artery.
Although rare, CAD of the popliteal artery should be included in the differential diagnosis in young patients with intermittent claudication.
Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery.
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According to the color Doppler ultrasound and MRI imaging, the following findings are observed:
Based on the patient's middle-aged status, localized vascular compression, and radiological findings, the following diagnoses should be considered:
Taking into account the patient’s age (56 years), symptoms (reduced sensation in the lower leg and sole of the foot, peripheral nerve compression signs, and intermittent claudication), and imaging findings (no evidence of widespread atherosclerosis, popliteal artery compression by a mucinous cyst), the most likely diagnosis is:
Cystic Adventitial Disease (CAD)
After surgery and once the patient’s condition stabilizes, exercise can be gradually introduced based on cardiopulmonary function and lower limb vascular status:
During the rehabilitation process, closely monitor for any recurrence of vascular compromise, increased pain, or numbness. Seek medical attention promptly if such symptoms occur.
Disclaimer: This report is for clinical reference only and does not replace a face-to-face consultation with a qualified physician. Specific treatment plans and rehabilitation programs should be tailored by a specialist based on the individual patient's condition.
Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery.
