A 66-year-old male patient presented with a 10-month history of insidious onset of right wrist swelling and intermittent pain. He had no history of bleeding disorder or trauma. Physical examination revealed right dorsal wrist swelling with mild impaired extensor function of ring and little fingers.
Plain radiographs demonstrated erosion of distal radioulnar joint and ulnocarpal joint. Marked soft tissue swelling was seen at the dorsal side of wrist at carpal level.
Ultrasound revealed increase in soft tissues with low to immediate echo in the ulnocarpal joint, extending to dorsal aspect with involvement of overlying extensor tendons. This soft tissue showed mild hypervascularity with Doppler study. There was also extension to the dorsal aspect with encasement of extensor tendons at wrist and carpal bones levels, as demonstrated by ultrasound scan.
MRI scan revealed joint effusion, mainly involving ulnocarpal and distal radioulnar joints. There is T1-weighted and T2-weighted low-signal-intensity rim with nodular thickening seen along the distended joint capsule, suggestive of haemosiderin deposits. The post contrast scan with fat saturation revealed thickened and enhancing synovium.
Overall findings were suggestive of right wrist tenosynovial giant cell tumour, diffuse type (pigmented villonodular synovitis, PVNS) with involvement of overlying extensor tendons.
Tenosynovial giant cell tumour, diffuse type, also called pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), represents a rare benign neoplastic process affecting synovial membranes of joints and bursa. It occurs predominantly in patients aged between the 2nd to the 5th decade. The classical presentation of disease is joint swelling, pain and joint dysfunction secondary to destruction. Joint effusion commonly co-exists. Malignant transformation is very rare.
Tenosynovial giant cell tumour is currently classified into localised type and diffuse type according to WHO classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone[1]. The site of involvement of PVNS can be intra-or extraarticular. The classical PVNS mainly involves intraarticularly, usually mono-articular involvement.
The common sites of involvement are large joints such as knee (66-80%) and hip joints (4-16%). Intraarticular involvement of wrist in PVNS is very rare. [2]
PVNS can also be extraarticular in location, mainly involving the hand and foot regions. It has a slight female predominance. Most of them are periarticular in location but purely intramuscular or subcutaneous lesions were also reported. Other nomenclatures to describe extraarticular lesions had been used based on the location of involvement. For example, involvement of bursa is called pigmented villonodular bursitis (PVNB) while involvement of tendon sheath was called pigmented villonodular tumour of tendon sheath (PVNTS) or giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath (GCTTS). These could not well be distinguished from the localised type of tenosynovial giant cell tumour which was also called giant cell tumour of tendon sheath or nodular tenosynovitis both clinically or radiologically.
This case is particularly rare in terms of predominant intraarticular involvement with bone erosions in a rare location of the wrist, with extraarticular encasement of adjacent tendons leading to dysfunction. There are only reported case reports of the disease at flexor tendon sheath causing an unusual cause of carpal tunnel syndrome [3] and bone erosion [4].
Radiographs of PVNS can show joint effusion and articular erosions without calcification. Ultrasound can show joint effusion and thickened hypervascular synovium. It can also show heterogeneous lesion with variable echogenicity depending of amount of haemosiderin present.
MRI can reveal joint effusion and synovial thickening. Key to diagnosis is articular erosion with presence of haemosiderin (T1 and T2-weighted hypointense). Additional sequence with gradient echo with blooming can further aid the diagnosis. Variable degree of enhancement is present in post-contrast-images.
Patient underwent complete synovectomy with tendon grafting. The diagnosis is confirmed histologically. Recurrence rates after total synovectomy are reported to be ~15% (range 7-20%)[2].
PVNS of wrist with unusual both intra-and extraarticular involvement
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1. X-ray: Local soft tissue swelling is observed in the right wrist joint, with focal erosive bone changes near the articular surface. The cortical margin shows mild destruction, but no obvious calcification is noted.
2. Ultrasound: On the dorsal side of the right wrist, significant synovial thickening is seen, accompanied by extensive blood flow signals, suggesting a richly vascularized lesion. A tumor-like echoic structure with heterogeneous internal echo is also present in this region.
3. MRI: Synovial thickening is visible inside and around the joint, accompanied by low-signal areas (low or slightly low signals on both T1 and T2 sequences), which suggest hemosiderin deposition. In certain sequences (e.g., gradient echo), signal attenuation (“blooming” effect) may be observed. Erosive bone changes are noted near the articular surface. The mass also surrounds part of the tendons, affecting the functional movement of adjacent tendon structures.
Taking into account the patient’s age (66 years old), chronic swelling and mass-like lesion in the right wrist, imaging-based low-signal deposition indicative of hemosiderin, bone erosions, and correlated pathological findings, the most probable diagnosis is “diffuse-type Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)/Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor.”
Treatment Strategy:
1. Surgical Treatment: Complete synovectomy (total removal of inflamed synovium) along with necessary tendon repair or tendon grafting. In this case, complete surgical removal of the lesion has been performed to minimize recurrence risk.
2. Postoperative Medication and Rehabilitation: If there is extensive residual lesion or a high risk of recurrence, local drug injections or radiotherapy could be considered. These measures may benefit high-risk or recurrent cases.
Rehabilitation and Exercise Prescription (following the FITT-VP principle):
1. Early Stage (2–4 weeks postoperatively):
- Frequency (F): 1–2 basic joint movement sessions per day, with short duration.
- Intensity (I): Avoid significant pain; primarily passive or gentle active exercises.
- Type (T): Begin with passive flexion and extension of the joint, tension-relaxation exercises for wrist and finger tendons, combined with gentle local massage.
- Time (T): 5–10 minutes per session, 1–2 times per day.
- Progression (P): Gradually transition to increased active range of motion and extended exercise duration.
2. Intermediate Stage (4–8 weeks postoperatively):
- Frequency: 1–2 sessions daily or every other day.
- Intensity: Mild discomfort is acceptable while increasing active range of motion; incorporate low-level weight-bearing exercises for the wrist.
- Type: Add muscle strengthening exercises, such as using resistance bands around the wrist and forearm, to help restore muscle strength.
- Time: 10–15 minutes per session, gradually extended based on tolerance.
- Progression: If well-tolerated, continue to increase the intensity of muscle-strengthening exercises and frequency of joint activity.
3. Late Stage (8–12 weeks and beyond postoperatively):
- Frequency: At least 3–4 training sessions per week.
- Intensity: Slowly increase exercise intensity, being mindful of overuse or reinjury of the wrist.
- Type: Include functional daily activities such as grip training and handling small objects to further improve fine motor coordination.
- Time: Depending on recovery progress, sessions can extend to 20–30 minutes each time.
- Progression: Based on follow-up assessments and physician recommendations, gradually resume daily and light occupational activities. Use protective splints or supports if necessary.
Throughout the rehabilitation process, close monitoring of wrist and hand function is essential. Any worsening pain, increased swelling, or other discomfort should prompt immediate medical consultation and potential adjustment of the rehabilitation plan. For elderly patients or those with other chronic conditions, local and systemic exercise programs should be performed under specialist supervision to ensure safety and effectiveness.
This report is based on the available history and imaging data and is provided as a reference. It does not replace an in-person consultation or the clinical judgment of a specialist. In case of any doubts or changes in your condition, please consult a professional physician or visit a medical facility promptly.
PVNS of wrist with unusual both intra-and extraarticular involvement
